NIR expert
NIR expert
Dr. Phil Williams
Phil Williams ทำงานที่สถาบันวิจัยการเกษตร (Agricultural Research Institute) นิวเซาท์เวลล์ ประเทศแคนาดา โดยทำงานกับนักวิจัยปรับปรุงพันธุ์ข้าวสาลีเป็นเวลาหลายปี ในเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ 1970 เขาได้รับมอบหมายงานใหญ่ในการคัดแยกข้าวสาลี hard red spring โดยใช้ปริมาณโปรตีน เขาต้องคัดแยกข้าวสาลีปริมาณทั้งสิ้น 20 ล้านตันต่อปี โดยใช้รถไฟขนลากรถรางทั้งสิ้น 300,000 คันต่อปี ที่จุดรับ Thunder Bay และ Vancouver ปริมาณข้าวสาลีขนาดนี้ ทำให้ Canadian Grain Commission เสียค่าใช้จ่ายสูงมากสำหรับสารเคมี 47 ตัน ในการทดสอบ 620,000 macro-Kjeldahl test ในปี 1972-73 สามารถตรวจสอบได้ 480 ตัวอย่างต่อ 7 ชั่วโมงในหนึ่งวัน ด้วยกำลังคน 5 คน (4คน ตรวจสอบ 1 คน บดตัวอย่าง) Phil เริ่มกังวลใจ และหาวิธีการอื่นในการตรวจสอบ ในปี 1971 เขาได้ทราบข้อมูลว่ามีเครื่องมือที่สามารถทดสอบโปรตีนได้โดยใช้เวลาเพียง 10 วินาที ด้วยความแม่นยำ 0.1% จากนั้นผู้อำนวยการสถาบันได้อนุมัติให้ซื้อเครื่อง NIR จากบริษัท Neotec (NIRsystems ในปัจจุบัน) ด้วยเงิน 7,200 ดอลล่าร์สหรัฐ เครื่อง NIR เครื่องแรกของแคนาดานี้ ได้มาถึงห้องปฏิบัติการของ Phil ในวันที่ 3 กุมภาพันธ์ 1972 การทดสอบ NIR ได้เริ่มต้นครั้งแรก เครื่องมือทำงานได้ไม่ดีนักแต่ดีพอที่ทำให้ Phil ได้เชื่อมั่นว่า การใช้ NIR ในการวิเคราะห์โปรตีนเป็นทางที่ถูกต้อง Phil เข้าใจถึงความสำคัญของการสร้างสมการทำนายก่อนการใช้เครื่องมือ เขาใช้เวลาหลายปีในการค้นพบและปรับปรุงสมการทำนายเพื่อลดความผิดพลาดในการทำนาย การสุ่มและการเตรียมตัวอย่าง ความไวของสเปคตรัมต่ออุณหภูมิ และความชื้น ในเดือน พฤศจิกายน 1973 Phil ได้เสนอสมการทำนายโปรตีนและความชื้นในข้าวสาลี บาร์เล่ย์ และโอ๊ต ในการประชุมทางวิชาการที่จัดโดย AACC ประเทศสหรัฐอเมริกา ในปีต่อมา Phil ร่วมกับบริษัท Neotec ได้ริเริ่มระบบการวิเคราะห์อัตโนมัติ (Automated Digital Analyser; ADA) ขึ้นโดยทำงานร่วมกับเครื่อง NIR โดยมีระบบการวัดสเปคตรัมตัวอย่างอัตโนมัติ ซึ่งควบคุมโดยคอมพิวเตอร์ ระบบนี้ได้เริ่มใช้ตรวจสอบโปรตีนอย่างจริงจังในปี 1976 เป็นผลทำให้ห้องปฏิบัติการวิเคราะห์โปรตีนด้วยวิธี Kjeldahl ใน Calgary ปิดลงอย่างถาวรในปี 1976 นอกจากนี้ Phil ได้ใช้เวลาหนึ่งปีศึกษากับ Karl Norris ผู้ซึ่งเป็นบิดาแห่งวงการ NIR ที่ Beltsville ในปี 1977 เขาทั้งสองได้พัฒนาวิธีการปรับปรุงสเปคตรัมทางคณิตศาสตร์ (Mathematical treatment) เพื่อชดเชยความผิดพลาดในการทำนายโปรตีนเนื่องจากการแปรปรวนของขนาดอนุภาค และความชื้น Phil ยังได้เสนอแนวคิด ร่วมกับ Wally Zarowsky เกี่ยวกับการชดเชยความแปรปรวนอุณหภูมิ โดยวิธีการสร้างสมการทำนายชดเชยอุณหภูมิ ซึ่งถือเป็นตัวอย่าง Chemometrics ในยุคต้น ของวงการ NIR
ในปัจจุบัน Phil Williams มีอายุ 73 ปี และยังทำงานเป็นที่ปรึกษาให้กับบริษัทหลายบริษัทในหลายประเทศ ในด้านการตรวจสอบคุณภาพสินค้าด้วยเทคนิค NIR และผลงานของท่านในขณะนี้ยังดำเนินการจัดการกับข้อมูลจำนวนมากๆเพื่อสร้างเครือข่าย (Networking) ให้เชื่อมโยงกับสถานีตรวจสอบหรือโรงงานหลายๆโรงงานที่มีเครื่อง NIR หลายๆตัว โดยการควบคุมจากแล็ปกลาง (a central laboratory) ด้วยเครื่อง computer ตัวเดียวซึ่งเป็นระบบที่ทันสมัยเหมาะสำหรับอุตสาหกรรมอาหารสัตว์, อุตสาหกรรมน้ำตาล, อุตสาหกรรมเมล็ดพันธุ์พืช และปรับปรุงพันธุ์ เป็นต้น ท่านมีผลงานที่ได้รับความสำเร็จทั้งในออสเตรเรียและในแคนาดาได้รับเชิญให้ไปบรรยายพิเศษและเป็นอาจารย์ในหลายประเทศรวมทั้งผลงานที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์เผยแพร่ตลอดจนการเขียนหนังสือ (text books) อยู่หลายเล่มและที่สำคัญท่านได้รับรางวัลอันทรงเกียรติหลายรางวัล (ตามเอกสาร CV ของ Phil Williams)
CURRICULUM VITAE
Philip Carslake Williams
Personal Characteristics
Born: Abercynon, Glamorganshire, Wales, U.K. May 26, 1933
Citizenship: Canadian
Education: A. Primary Burtle School, Burtle, Somerset, England
B. Secondary Dr. Morgan's Grammar School, Bridgwater, Somerset, England.
Oxford Schools Ordinary Level Leaving Certificate—1949
Bristol Advanced Level Certificate—1950
C. University University of Wales, Aberystwyth, B.Sc. (Agr.)—1953
Hons. B.Sc. (1st Class), Chemistry (including Agr. Chem.)—1954
Ph.D.—1958. "Studies on the phosphorus compounds of oats, with particular reference to phytic acid".
Additional Information
A. Vital statistics: Height: 175 cm (5'9"); weight: 72 kg (160 lbs); eyes blue; hair grey (and thinning)
B. Marital status: Married to Diane; children: Graham (46 yrs.); Shân (44 yrs.); Christopher (35 years),
Melani (33 years). Four grandchildren.
C. Linguistics: English—speak and write well; French—read and write fairly well, speak not well;
German—read, speak little; Arabic—speak vestigial.
D. Hobbies: Gardening, fishing, walking, reading, wine-making, cooking (not in order of importance)
Professional
A. United Kingdom Dairy-hand and general farm labourer, 1945–1957 (part-time)
Assistant dairyman, University of Wales, Aberystwyth,
Cardiganshire, Wales, August 1957–April 1958 (full-time)
B. Australia Research Officer, Cereal Chemistry, New South Wales Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Institute, Wagga Wagga, N.S.W., August 1958-September 1964
Specialties
1. Factors affecting the milling and baking quality of Australian wheat, including kernel texture,
mechanically-damaged starch and associated factors:
2. Large-scale analytical - protein-testing methods:
3. Physiology and nitrogen/phosphorus metabolism of Australian wheat, with particular
reference to the post-ear emergence phase.
C. Canada
1. National Research Council Post-doctoral Fellow—Grain Research Laboratory, Winnipeg (October 1964–October 1965).
2. Research Scientist RES-05, Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, Winnipeg.
As Head, Analytical Methods Development Section (October 1965 - March 28, 2002):
Specialties
1. Factors affecting the water absorption of Canadian Hard Red Spring wheat flour (October 1965–February 1970).
2. Development and application of large-scale testing systems for quality assessment of cereals and derived products (1965–2002).
3. Investigation, and application of near-infrared reflectance (NIR) and transmittance (NIT) technology to the testing of grains, seeds, forages and other commodities (1972–present).
4. Processing quality evaluation of soft white spring and other wheats with particular reference to production of cakes, cookies, flat breads, and other products, and the factors affecting their quality (1980–2002).
5. Wheat kernel texture (hardness and softness) and related factors (1965–2002).
6. Development of chemical/physicochemical adjuncts to the grading system for Canadian grains using Near-infrared technology (1984–2002).
7. Studies on Arabic-type two- and single-layered flat breads (1976–2001).
8. Quality evaluation in grain legumes (1976–2001).
9. Evaluation of new Near-infrared instruments and software (1972 – present)
10. Teaching and general education of Near-infrared technology
As Chemist-in-Charge, Protein-testing Operations, Canadian Grain Commission (1970–1982):
1. Establishment of procedures and laboratories for ultra-high throughput testing of milling grades of HRS wheat for protein using the macro-Kjeldahl test and Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (1972–2002, 500,000-600,000 samples annually)).
2. Investigation, and application of improved methods of NIRS techniques to the testing of Red Spring wheat in connection with protein segregation and grain grading (1972–2002).
3. Investigation, and application of improved methods of NIRS techniques to the grading of western Canadian grains and seeds (1992–2002).
4. Investigation and evaluation of Dumas (Combustion Nitrogen Analysis) method for determination of total nitrogen and protein contents of grains and derived products (1992 - 2002).
5. Conversion of Canadian Grain Commission reference method for testing grain and commodities for protein content from Kjeldahl to Dumas method, 1996.
As Independent Consultant (2002 onwards)
1. Development of systems for Electronic Grading of wheat and other grains, using Near-infrared technology, with particular reference to Discriminant Analysis.
2. Development of rapid determination of mixing efficiency of flours and feeds using NIR spectral characteristics.
3. Development of training manual and 2-day course for Near-infrared instrument users (2003).
4. Development of basic education and training manual for Cereal Chemists
ACHIEVEMENTS
Australia
1. Developed method for rapid determination of protein in wheat by biuret method. The method was employed for several years at the Wagga Wagga Research Institute for testing protein in wheat samples from breeding and agronomy programmes. Research paper no. 3.
2. Developed Nessler technique for determination of total nitrogen in very small samples of plant material. Research paper no. 5.
3. Discovered logarithmic relationship between wheat kernel hardness, starch damage and diastatic activity. Research papers no. 4 and 7.
4. Discovered interrelationship between nickel, manganese and iron in oat metabolism. Research paper no. 9.
Canada
1. Served as first Chemist-in-Charge of Protein-testing, and organized the testing and monitoring procedure for the CGC CWRS Protein segregation programme, 1970 - 1982
2. Introduced Winkler modification of Kjeldahl method for determination of total nitrogen and protein contents of grains, seeds, and derived commodities (1972). This became the official method of the CGC
3. Developed non-toxic catalyst for Kjeldahl protein testing by standard macro-Kjeldahl and KjelFoss techniques. Research paper no. 17; unpublished report no. 20.
4. Developed, organized and established ultra-large-scale system for macro-Kjeldahl determination of protein in wheat, as Chemist-in-charge of protein-testing in connection with Canadian Grain Commission/Canadian Wheat Board programme for segregation of western Canadian Hard Red Spring wheat on the basis of protein content, 1970–1973. During these years, the Canadian Grain Commission annually carried out up to over 600,000 macro Kjeldahl tests. Research paper no. 18, misc. papers nos. 4 and 5; unpublished reports nos. 15, 16, 18-21, 24, 28, 31, 34, 35, 38, 45, 46, 56, 64.
5. Introduced near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to Canada for use in testing western Canadian Hard Red Spring wheat for protein and moisture contents in association with wheat protein segregation programme, 1975-76. The NIRS method is now an official test procedure of the American Association of Cereal Chemists, Approved Method No. 39-10. Research papers no. 19 and 40; misc. papers nos. 7 and 10; oral presentations nos. 14-17, 21, 24 and 25; unpublished reports nos. 30, 33, 36, 40, 41, 47, 48-54, 57-59, 61, 63, 65, 66, 69-72, 76, 77, 80-84, 87, 88, 91-95, 100, 103, 104, 106, 112, 113, 117, 118, 128, 129, 133, 140, 188 and 190.
6. In consultation with engineers from Neotec Corporation, Rockville, MD (now Foss/NIRSystems, Silver Spring, MD), developed automated method for NIRS testing of wheat for protein, for use in wheat protein segregation programme. Research paper no. 21.
7. Developed, organized and established system for on-the-spot determination of protein in wheat received at terminal grain elevators, by NIRS, for use in wheat protein segregation programme, 1973–76. Misc. papers nos. 8 and 10; oral presentations nos. 24, 25, 30 and 38; unpublished (internal) reports nos. 30, 33, 36, 37, 40, 41, 47-54, 57-59, 61, 63, 65, 66, 69-72, 76-88, 91-95, 98, 100, 102-104, 106, 112, 113, 117, 118, 132 and 133. The system, including comprehensive monitoring, is the system that is, and has been used in Canada since 1976. NIR testing now effects savings of up to $3 million per year in operational costs.
8. Evaluated over 50 different types and models of near-infrared instrument on behalf of instrument companies and the Canadian Grain Commission, and over 30 grinders for sample preparation of grains, seeds and forages. Research paper no. 38; unpublished reports nos. 30, 33, 54, 61, 103, 118, 132, 133 and 188.
9. Introduced testing of wheat kernel hardness to the Canadian Grain Commission as a criterion for selection and quality evaluation of new breeders' genotypes of all Canadian wheats. Developed reference and rapid (NIRS) methods for determination of wheat hardness. The reference method is now Approved Method No. 55-30 of the American Association of Cereal Chemists. Research papers nos. 22, 25, 43-45 and 47; oral presentations nos. 61, 62, 80 and 81; unpublished reports no. 13, 156 and 157.
10. Introduced near-infrared transmittance (NIT) testing to Canada for testing wheat and barley for protein and moisture. Unpublished report no. 118; research paper no. 40.
11. Introduced NIT to testing of high moisture corn for moisture. Unpublished reports nos. 190, 199 and 219, oral presentation No. 127.
12. Referenced on five analytical techniques accepted as Approved Methods by American Association of Cereal Chemists.
13. Began evaluation on Textron/Case Grain Quality Monitor, Near-infrared instrument for use on combine harvesters, February, 1998. This project continued until December, 2001.
14. Developed method for determination of semolina granularity (1998). This method has become Approved Method No. 66-20 of the American Association of Cereal Chemists.
Other countries
1. Introduced NIR technology as a rapid, reliable method for grain analysis to Europe, Australia, Russia, the Middle East and Uruguay. Oral presentations nos. 22, 25, 53 and 55.
2. Designed over 50 laboratories for the International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria, supervised installation, developed strategies for evaluation of quality in cereal and food legume breeding programmes and trained staff in laboratory practice, 1975–1996. Research papers nos. 20, 33, 42, 47; misc. papers nos. 14, 15, 17-19, 22-29; unpublished reports nos. 67, 89, 90, 105, 106, 116, 119-121, 123-127, 131, 141-146, 147-150, 155, 167, 168, 176, 190 and 192. All laboratories are now fully operational.
3. Developed and coordinated all testing and applied research in connection with composition determination and quality evaluation of cereals (bread and durum wheats, barley and triticale) and food legumes (chickpea, faba bean and lentil) at ICARDA, including development of laboratory-scale preparation of commercial-type foods, 1980–1996.
4. Prepared and edited comprehensive Laboratory Operation Training Manual for all ICARDA quality laboratory testing procedures. Misc. paper no. 30.
5. Designed fourteen laboratories for Arid Zone Research Institute, Quetta, Pakistan.
6. Designed fourteen laboratories for Government of Turkey Agricultural Research Station, Eskesehir, Turkey, 1990.
7. Appraised designs and partially re-designed 45 laboratories at International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, The Philippines, (1990-1991).
8. Established systems in Uruguay for testing wheat for protein and moisture contents, and for testing sunflower seed for oil content, using Near-infrared spectroscopy (1997-present).
9. Designed and prepared practical course in Near-infrared Spectroscopy for Users (including annotated 145-page manual)
INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL MISSIONS
1. Travelled on behalf of Canadian Wheat Board and Canadian Grain Commission on trouble-shooting, fact-finding and instructional missions to Philippines and Japan (1969), Brazil (1970), Egypt (1984 and 1986), North Yemen (1985), Syria (1986), Algeria (1986), Cyprus (1987) and Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Oman and Kuwait (1989 and 1997), Astrakhan (Russia), Swaziland (1993), Iran (1995), China, (1996), South Africa and Mozambique (1997). Technical reports nos. 10, 17, 160, 166, 171, 173, 181, 198, 217, 223, 232, 235, 263, 264, 266, 271, 291, 311, 313, 317, 323, and 325.
2. Member of FAO World Health Organization Ad Hoc Working Group on Protein Methods for Cereal Breeders. Ciudad Obregon, Mexico, April 1974.
3. Member of IDRC International Working Group on Nutritional Standards and Methods of Evaluation for Food Legume Breeders, Ottawa, Ontario, July 1976.
4. IDRC consultant to Arid Lands Agricultural Development/Food Foundation, Beirut, Lebanon, April 1975 (first visit to Middle East on behalf of ICARDA).
5. IDRC consultant to Philippines, Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia, June 1977, concerning post-harvest technology projects.
6. ICARDA consultant in Morocco, Cyprus, Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Pakistan, 1979–1987, re: grain and food legume evaluation and processing, laboratory design and organization, and other factors. Technical reports nos. 119-121, 127, 150, 155, 169, 170, 172, 176 and 192.
7. CGC International Grain Consultancy (IGC) mission to Ghana, January 1994.
8. CGC/CIDA project for improvement in wheat quality, Uruguay, 1997-present Tech. Rep. No. 334.
9. CGC/CIDA project for improvement in wheat quality, Russia, April, 1999. Tech Rep. No. 345.
10. World Bank consultant for improvement in Agricultural Services in Kazakhstan, June, 2000.
11. Georgia Agricultural Research, Extension and Training (ARET)/World Bank project consultant on laboratory equipment and tendering procedure, November, 2003.
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
A. Australia: Principles of Chemistry. Three month semester to 1st and final (2nd) year students, Agricultural College, Wagga Wagga, NSW—1962–63.
B. Canada: Physical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, Manitoba Institute of Technology (Red River Community College). Thirty week course (3 semesters), 1965–1970 (5 years). Graduating students wrote Canadian Institute of Chemistry examinations in order to obtain certification as Chemical Technicians.
C. Member M.Sc. committee, Alain Meloche, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal, 1977.
D. Adjunct Professor, University of Manitoba, Dept. of Plant Science (1980–present); five graduate students (M.Sc. and Ph.D.).
E. Adjunct Professor, University of Guelph (1988–1996); two graduate students (Ph.D.).
F. External examiner, Sri Handjani Ekram Sambudi, Ph.D. candidate, University of New South Wales, 1992.
G. External examiner, Jergen Kohler, M.Sc. candidate, University of Manitoba, Food Science, 1992.
H. Member M.Sc. committee, Lisa Nemeth, University of Manitoba, Food Science, 1993.
I. Member, M.Sc. committee, Carol Kennedy, University of British Columbia, Food Science, 1993–95.
J. Member Ph.D. committee, Daniel Vazquez (INIA, Uruguay), University of Manitoba, Dept of Human Ecology 2002 – present.
CONSULTANT WORK
A. Consultant Work via the IDRC (International Development Research Centre, Ottawa)
1974: Member of FAO Protein and Calorie Advisory Group "Ad Hoc" Committee on establishment of guidelines for early general screening procedures in cereal breeding programmes. Meetings in Ciudad Obregon, Mexico, April 1974, and New York, NY, September 1974.
1975: In consultation with scientists of the Arid Land Agricultural Development, the Ford Foundation and the IDRC, formulated specifications for the proposed screening laboratory for breeding programmes in cereals and pulses for the International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA). Meeting in Beirut, Lebanon, April 1975.
1976: Member of IDRC "Ad Hoc" committee for the establishment of guidelines for the screening of genetic material in legume-breeding programmes. Meetings in Ottawa, Ontario, July 1976 and November 1976.
1977–1990: Consultant to IDRC AFNS division on many aspects of grain technology, NIR applications and installations, and other subjects.
B. Other consultant work
1973–present: Frequent consultant to instrument manufacturers, many grain elevator companies, flour and feed mills, USDA, other government agencies, many universities and food processing companies on application of near-infrared technology, and general grain technology.
1975–present: Ongoing consultant for ICARDA (International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas), Aleppo, Syria, re: laboratory design and systems design and application for screening early generation material for quality in cereal, legume and forage breeding programmes.
1981–present: Consultant to Syrian Government (Dept. of Supply) re: baking and flour technology and laboratory design.
1985–1990: Consultant to United States Dept. of Agriculture re: wheat classification and hardness testing.
1990–1992: Consultant to IRRI (International Rice Research Institute), Los Banos, P.I., regarding laboratory design and NI technology.
1993–2002: Consultant to Canadian Grain Commission International Grain Consultant Group, 1993 – 2002, wheat quality, near-infrared technology.
2002-present: Consultant to INIA, La Estanzuela, Uruguay, re wheat quality and Near-infrared technology.
MEMBERSHIP IN SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES AND COMMITTEES
A. Scientific Societies
American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC), 1965-present.
B. Technical committees
1. AACC
a) Methods for grain and flour testing (Chair: expires 2006)
b) Near-infrared reflectance
2. International Association for Cereal Chemistry (ICC)
a) Wet gluten determination
b) Wheat hardness
c) Flour particle size
d) Near-infrared analysis
HONOURS AND AWARDS
1. National Research Council (Canada) Post-doctoral Fellowship, 1964-1965
2. John C. Halverson Award. American Association of Cereal Chemists, Milling and Baking Division, 1999.
3. Fellow of the International Council for Near-infrared Spectroscopy. 1999.
4. Eastern Analytical Symposium Award in Near-infrared Spectroscopy, 1999.
5. Fellow of the American Association of Cereal Chemists. 2000
6. Harald Perten Award of the International Society for Cereal Science and Technology. 2000
7. Karl H. Norris Award for Near-infrared Spectroscopy. Japanese NIR Award. 2006
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